Editor’s note: It’s not often that we talk about long-term investing strategies in the Market Minute.

But on weekends, when the markets are closed, we find it’s a good time to reflect on interesting ideas we’ve come across… things outside our normal beat. And the following essay from Bonner & Partners’ star analyst Chris Mayer – showing two essential strategies for building long-term wealth – is just that.

We hope you learn from and enjoy this piece. And we’ll resume our usual market commentary on Monday morning.

Beating the market over the long term is hard to do.

If you want to learn how it’s done, Berkshire Hathaway bears repeated study…

Berkshire was the top performer in 100 Baggers, my study of stocks that returned 100-to-1 from 1962 to 2015.

The stock had risen more than 18,000-fold, which means $10,000 planted there in 1965 turned into an absurdly high $180 million 50 years later, versus just $1.1 million in the S&P 500 over the same period.

Berkshire—and the other 100-baggers in the study—affirms that not only can you beat the market, but you can also leave it miles behind…

There are two important factors you need to consider if you want to achieve that kind of outperformance. I’ll go over them today.

No. 1: Don’t Own Too Many Stocks

First, you have to be concentrated. You have to focus on your best ideas. You can’t own a lot of stocks that just dilute your returns.

Warren Buffett, as is well known, did not hesitate to bet big. His largest position would frequently be one-third or more of his portfolio. Often, his portfolio would consist of no more than five positions.

There is, for example, the time he bought American Express in 1964 in the wake of the Salad Oil Scandal, when the stock was crushed. He made it 40% of his portfolio.

Charlie Munger, too, is famous for his views on concentration. He’s had the Munger family wealth in as few as three stocks:

My own inquiries on that subject were just to assume that I could find a few things, say three, each which had a substantial statistical expectancy of outperforming averages without creating catastrophe. If I could find three of those, what were the chances my pending record wouldn’t be pretty damn good…

How could one man know enough [to] own a flowing portfolio of 150 securities and always outperform the averages? That would be a considerable stump.

Concentrated Investing also includes profiles of investors who ran such concentrated portfolios. These include Buffett and Munger, along with lesser-knowns such as John Maynard Keynes, Lou Simpson, Claude Shannon, and more.

  • Lou Simpson ran Geico’s investment portfolio from 1979 to retirement in 2010. His record is extraordinary: 20% annually, compared to 13.5% for the market.

   Simpson’s focus increased over time. In 1982, he had 33 stocks in a $280 million portfolio. He kept cutting back the number of stocks he owned, even as the size of his portfolio grew. By 1995, his last year, he had just 10 stocks in a $1.1 billion portfolio.

  • Claude Shannon is another. He was a brilliant mathematician who made breakthroughs in a number of fields. He might also be the greatest investor you’ve never heard of. From the late 1950s to 1986, he earned 28% annually. That’s good enough to turn every $1,000 into $1.6 million.

The point is that many great investors focus on their best ideas. They don’t spread themselves thin. And there is also more formal research in the book that supports the idea that focus is a way to beat the market.

No. 2: Leave Your Stocks Alone

The second part of this is to hold on to your stocks. The power of compounding is amazing, but the key ingredient is time. Even small amounts pile up quickly.

During a trip to Omaha, I once heard money manager Raffaele Rocco retell an old parable…

There once was a king who wanted to repay a local sage for saving his daughter. The king offered anything the sage wanted. The humble wise man refused.

But the king persisted. So the sage agreed to what seemed like a modest request. He asked to be paid a grain of rice a day, doubled every day. Thus, on the first day, he’d get one grain of rice. On the second day, two. On the third day, four. And so on.

The king agreed… and in a month, the king’s granaries were empty. He owed the sage over one billion grains of rice on the 30th day.

I have heard other versions of this story, but I like it because it shows you two things. The first is obvious: It shows how compounding can turn a little into a whole lot.

But the subtler, second lesson comes from working backwards. If the king pays 1 billion grains of rice on the 30th day, how much does he pay on the 29th day?

The answer is half that, or 500 million. And on the 28th day, he pays half again, or 250 million.

So you see that returns are back-end loaded. This is 100-bagger math. The really big returns start to pile up in the later years.

And we know the benefits of holding from our discussion above: It’s low-cost and tax-efficient.

These two factors alone—a concentrated portfolio and low turnover—are important ingredients to beating an index and amassing serious wealth.

Regards,

Chris Mayer
Editor, Chris Mayer’s Focus

P.S. Owning a concentrated portfolio and letting it compound over time are also key parts of our project at Focus.

Now, I’m taking it one step further—and developing a project designed to show ordinary people how they can identify and invest in companies that result in 10,000% returns.

Recently, I found a company that fits this model. It’s a small drug maker that has a treatment for America’s opioid crisis. It has the potential to disrupt the industry. And if I’m right, it’ll make investors a small fortune. You can learn more right here.